Hello,

I have been working on devising a few experiments, which I will include
in the fnal MDT paper:

http://physicsmathforums.com

Speaking of experiments, does String Thoery have any experiments by
which it might be tested?

Why are all other physicists held to higher standards than string
theorists?


http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/b...es/000219.html
Is String Theory About to Snap?
The August issue of Discover magazine is out, with a cover story
entitled "Is String Theory About to Snap?". The editors of the magazine
describe how they recently became aware of the controversy over string
theory when they organized a celebration of Einstein in Aspen last
summer. They quote Lawrence Krauss as telling them "String theory may
be in a worse position now regarding being testable than it has been at
any time in the past 20 years." To get a response to this, they asked
Michio Kaku to write something for them. They refer to him as a
"cofounder of string theory", which I suspect some people might object
to. Presumably they meant to repeat what is in their profile of him,
which calls him a "cofounder of string field theory."

Kaku's article is entitled Testing String Theory, and is a thoroughly
intellectually dishonest piece of writing, designed to mislead anyone
without expertise in what is at issue here. He succeeded in misleading
whoever wrote the blurb for the article which goes: "No experiment has
ever allowed us to test whether any of the assumptions of string theory
are true. That is about to change." No it's not. None of the
experiments Kaku mentions will "allow us to test whether any of the
assumptions of string theory are true".

As I've explained in detail on other occasions, the simple fact of the
matter is that string theory does not make any predictions, unless one
adopts a definition of the word "prediction" different than that
conventional among scientists. A scientific prediction is one that
tells you specifically what the results of a given experiment will be.
If the results of the experiment come out differently, the theory is
wrong. String theory can't do this, since it is not a well-defined
theory, but rather a research program that some people hope will one
day lead to a well-defined theory capable of making predictions.

At places in the article Kaku qualifies his claims of "predictions",
for instance saying near the beginning of the article that certain
experiments "could provide significant evidence that would support
string theory" (note all the qualifiers in this phrase: "could",
"significant evidence", "support") but that "the rub is that all the
new evidence, no matter how compelling, will still provide only
indirect proof." He soon abandons his qualified language and starts
talking about the following topics:

1. Gravitational waves: He says of gravitational waves created in the
Big Bang: "String theory predicts the frequencies of such waves", and
that this prediction will be tested by LISA. I don't know specifically
what he has in mind here, but I know of no way to use string theory to
make a specific prediction of the spectrum of gravitational waves that
LISA will see. The only things he mentions are inflation and epkyrotic
scenarios, the first of which has nothing to do with string theory, the
second very little.

2. The LHC: Kaku discusses the possibility that superpartners exist,
but does note that you don't need string theory to have these. He also
discusses possible Tev-scale particle physics effects of extra
dimensions, without mentioning that string theory makes no predictions
at all about what these extra dimensions are like, or even what their
size is. There is absolutely no reason other than wishful thinking to
expect extra dimensions in string theory of a size invisible until now,
but visible at LHC energies.

3. Laboratory tests of the inverse-square law: Kaku claims: "according
to string theory, at small scales like a millimeter, gravity might hop
across higher dimensions and perhaps into other, parallel universes".
This is a load of nonsense. String theory predicts no such thing. It
may be consistent with this, purely because it is consistent with
anything. He does go on to say "Perhaps the additional dimensions would
show up only on smaller scales -- string theory is still somewhat vague
about this prediction." "Somewhat vague"??? As far as I know string
theory makes no prediction about this at all, except that most string
theorists expect effects to show up below 10-33cm, not 10-1cm.

4. Dark matter searches: according to Kaku "Once particles of dark
matter are identified in the laboratory, their properties can be
analyzed and compared with the predictions of string theory." Only
problem is string theory makes no such predictions. He's talking about
neutralinos, but in string theory the neutralino mass could be
absolutely anything. After discussing these string theory"predictions"
about dark matter, he goes on to speculate that maybe there is no dark
matter anyway, just "huge clumps of shadow matter in a parallel
universe, causing our galaxies to form in mirror-image locations", then
admits that such an idea is incapable of ever being experimentally
tested.

After going through all this, he saves the real kicker for the end:
"Some theorists, myself among them, believe that the final verdict on
string theory will not come from experiments at all". So he doesn't
even believe in any of the nonsense he has been spouting. He admits
that "The principal reason predictions of string theory are not
well-defined is that the theory is not finished." So the earlier talk
of "predictions" is now no longer operative. He goes on to invoke the
pipe dream that someday someone will come up with a finished version of
string theory that will predict precisely the standard model,
neglecting to mention that there's not the slightest evidence that this
is a realistic possibility. On the contrary, all the evidence now
points to the conclusion that, if string theory makes sense at all, it
has an infinity of different vacuum states, and is probably a radically
non-predictive theory. Impressive that Kaku could write a whole article
about the prospects of string theory, and somehow neglect to mention
the huge and very relevant controversy surrounding the idea of the
landscape. Do you think he hasn't heard about it?

http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/b...es/000219.html

[EL]
Dimensions do not move.
EL

http://physicsmathforums.com/showthread.php?t=60

Time is not a Dimension:



In certain cases Einstein and other physicists extended the metaphor of
dimensions too far to time. For time is not a dimension. Time is
consciousness of change, replete with past, present, and future, and
cause and effect. The past and future exist only in our minds, one the
record of events, and the second a creation of what could be, based on
our powers of inductive reasoning, inspiration, and dreams. There is
one present for the universe, and although it might be measured
differently, there is one absolute present. At every point throughout
the universe the fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three
spatial dimensions. Every tiny point of the fourth dimension is
becoming a tiny sphere with a radius of the Planck length, and every
tiny point on that tiny sphere is becoming a tiny sphere in its own
right. A photon surfs the edge of this expansion, riding the crest,
appearing as a spherically-symmetric wavefront, expanding throughout
the three spatial dimensions.



Lorentz Contraction:



Relativistic length contraction (Lorentzian Contraction) is always
accompanied by an increase in velocity, as the probability that each
quantum of the object resides in the time dimension is increased.
Relativistic length contraction can be accounted for by the fact that
as an object gains velocity its probabilistic wave function, is rotated
more into the time dimension, and thus it appears shorter from the
persepective of the three spatial dimensions. At the speed of light the
object would have to be a photon, so as to be completely orthogonal to
the spatial dimension, as any presence or probability that a particle
is in the spatial dimnsion means that there is a probability that the
time dimension will expand without carrying it along, in essence
leaving it behind for that moment it exists in the spatial dimension.



QFT:



The Equivalence of Mass and Energy:



Energy and mass are equivalent, expressed by E=mc^2, because the only
difference between mass and energy is the degree to which the matter
exists in the fourth dimension that is expanding at the rate of c
relative to the three spatial dimensions. When matter is rotated into
the expanding dimension, it is carried along at the velocity c relative
to the three spatial dimensions, and appears as photons. Thus all rest
mass has the potential to liberate immense amounts of energy by
existing in the expanding fourth dimension, surfing the expanding
dimension as photons.



Wave-Particle Duality:



Wave-particle duality is the result of the universe's existence upon
a reality that has three stationary spatial dimensions and one
expanding dimension. Freely traveling photons are the extreme case of
matter that exists completely in the expanding fourth dimension,
orthogonal to the three spatial dimensions. When a freely traveling
photon interacts with a measurement device in the stationary
dimensions-when it blackens a grain in a photographic plate-it
ceases being a wave and is manifested as a particle with a definitive
locality as its wave function collapses. When matter exists in the
expanding fourth dimension, it is seen as wave, or a photon, or energy.
Depending how and when we choose to observe matter determines whether
we observe its wave or particle properties. Photons are quantized
bundles of energy that propagate at the velocity of c-this is because
photons represent matter rotated into the fourth dimension which is
expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions in a quantized
manner, in units of Planck's length at the rate of c.



Philosophical and Physical Barriers to Moving Dimensions



Many trained physicists have a knee-jerk reaction that the time
dimension cannot be moving because "dimensions cannot move." First
off, since the universe is expanding, space-time is also expanding,
demonstrating that dimensions are moving and expanding. Secondly,
general relativity demonstrates that massive objects warp space-time,
meaning that as a massive object moves though space-time, it stretches
space-time, showing again that space-time in one area can move, or
deform, relative to space-time in another area. GR is a sound theory,
backed up with multiple high-profile experiments, including the
demonstration that starlight is bent by the sun and the verification
that orbiting stars radiate energy in the form of gravity waves. Thus
there exist neither philosophical nor physical barriers to the concept
of moving dimensions, but for artificial ones within lazy minds.



A curious sign of the times is that physicists will accept on blind
faith the existence of ten, twenty, or thirty dimensions, dimensions
that are curled up, or too small to measure, and yet they will reel in
shock and horror at a perfectly obvious postulate-the fourth
dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions.



They are to be forgiven-it has been a long time since a simple
postulate has been offered in the realm of physics, and the foreign
nature of truth's simple beauty is seen as a violent affront to the
String Theorist's convoluted sensibilities.



The Mysterious Minus Sign in The Metric



Consider the metric for a space-time interval:



x^2+y^2+z^2-c^2t^2=s^2



Consider the metric for a photon, which travels at the speed of light.



x^2+y^2+z^2-c^2t^2=0



Supposing that it is traveling along the x direction, we can write:



x^2-c^2t^2=0



x^2=c^2t^2



x=ct



Now let us ask a question, as we must certainly be free to ask
questions if we are to further physics. For a photon, how is the x
coordinate changing relative to the time coordinate? Would not the
answer just be the slope of the line in x=ct?



dx/dt=c



And so it is that for the photon-for all photons-the x coordinate
is changing at the rate of c relative to the t coordinate.



But no matter how far the photon travels in space, it will have moved
the same distance in space-time-0-not at all-the null vector.
This is because the time coordinate itself is moving, or more correctly
I should state that this is because the fourth dimension which carries
photons at the rate of c relative to the three spatial dimensions is
expanding at the rate of c relative to the three spatial dimensions,
and the propagation of photons/energy gives rise to our notions of
time. Remember that all time is based on the transportation of energy,
or the propagation of photons, so that our notion of time and clocks is
inherently wed to the fact that photons propagate at the rate of c
relative to the three spatial dimensions, which is inherently wed to
the fact that a fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three
spatial dimensions. Thus it makes sense that time does not pass for the
photon, and too, it makes sense that the distance a photon travels
through space-time is defined as the null vector.



Rather than just accepting the minus sign in front of the c^2t^2 as
being there because it "just is there," MDT aims to look at the
deeper reality which gives rise to the minus sign. A physicist's job
is not to accept things on blind faith, nor only ask questions that are
allowed to be asked, but a physicist's job is to wonder freely-to
roam and range upon the frontiers of logic and reason. And that wonder,
which seems all but forgotten in the bureaucratization of modern
physics, with its billions of dollars for elegant fabrications woven
from string theories which yet leave the Emperor naked, leads to the
deeper beauty. "Imagination is more important than knowledge," was
how Einstein put it.



The Collapse of the Wave Function:



The collapse of the wave function is also known as an irreversible
process, or a measurement, akin to a photon blackening a grain in
photographic film, or a photon being measured in front of one slit or
the other in a double-slit experiment, whereupon the interference
pattern disappears because the slit is ascertained, the wave has
collapsed, and the matter exhibits particulate behavior. Before it was
measured, the photon expanded through space as a spherically-symmetric
wave front, as it was matter surfing the expanding fourth dimension,
which is expanding through space in a spherically-symmetric manner.
Until the photon interacts with matter, or a measurement device in the
lab, the photon has equal probability of existing anywhere upon the
crest of the spherically symmetric wavefront, and thus it appears to
travel all paths-a physical reality Feynman took advantage of his
"many paths" formulation of quantum mechanics.



As Huygen's principle states that each point on an expanding
spherical wavefront is itself an expanding spherical wavefront, the
photon also has a probability of appearing earlier along on its
journey, or somewhere upon a smaller sphere centered upon its point of
origination. But over time the probabilities average out such that the
photon surfs along with the crest of the expanding fourth dimension,
and it appears to travel at the constant rate of c.



The collapse of the wave function is what happens when matter changes
its rotation relative to the time dimension. All measurements entail a
transfer of energy, and all measurements thus entail photons leaving
the expanding fourth dimension and being trapped in matter that is
stationary in an inertial lab frame. Perhaps this is why photons exert
no gravity while propagating freely, but do add gravitational mass
after their wave functions have collapsed, when they are trapped by
electrons within lab measurement apparatuses or photographic film.



The EPR Effect & Nonlocality of Quantum Mechanics:



The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect (EPR) effect, which calls
instantaneous action at a distance "spooky," can be accounted for
by the intrinsic nonlocality of an expanding fourth dimension. As a
point expands into a tiny sphere in the fourth dimension, it is yet a
single locale in that dimension, and hence though two initially
interacting particles are separated in the spatial dimensions, they may
yet exist in the same place in the time dimension, and hence be
connected before they're measured-before the wave function
collapses. Quantum Mechanics exhibits nonlocal properties because the
fourth dimension exhibits nonlocal properties, as it is expanding
relative to the three spatial dimensions.



Please see the dialogue with Penrose later on.



The Photon's Null Vector



The null vector of the photon, which remains 0 no matter how far or
fast the photon travels in space-time, may be accounted for by the fact
that the fourth dimension is moving, and thus the only way to stay
still in the four dimensions with an effective null movement, is to
move along with, or "surf" the expanding fourth dimension.



The Ageless Photon



A photon does not age. No time passes for a photon. This is because
although a photon travels with the velocity c, it stays at the exact
same place in the fourth dimension as it surfs the expanding fourth
dimension. How else, other than with a moving fourth dimension, can we
explain that the only way to stay stationary in the fourth dimension is
to move at the velocity of c relative to the three spatial dimensions?
And how else, but with a moving fourth dimension, can we explain that
any object stationary in the three spatial dimensions is moving with a
velocity of c relative to the fourth dimension?



Time is an Emergent Phenomena of Moving Dimensions-It is Not a
Dimension

Einstein's, Penrose's (and many leading physicist's) mistaken view
of "the future being out there" in a block universe arises because
physicists misleadingly label "time" the fourth dimension, thus
implying that just as we can move anywhere in the three spatial
dimensions, such as up and down and back again, so too can we move
anywhere in the time dimension, to the past, the future, and back
again, implying that both the past and future must exist, as sure as
New York and Los Angeles.

But time is not so much the fourth dimension as it is an emergent
phenomena that arises because a fourth dimension is expanding at the
rate of c relative to the three spatial dimensions in a spherically
symmetric manner in units of the Planck length.

Einstein was Right:

Einstein proclaimed that all objects travel through space-time at c.
Even though we perceive a ruler along the x axis to be stationary, it
is yet traveling through space-time at the fixed speed of c, implying
that it is moving through time at the rate of c. Rotate it towards the
y axis, and its projection upon the x axis shortens, yet it still
appears to be stationary, and it is still traveling through space-time
at the rate of c, meaning that it is still traveling at the rate of c
through time, as it is stationary in space. Rotate it into the time
dimension instead of into the y dimension, and its projection along the
x axis still shortens (Lorentz contraction), but now it begins to move
through the three spatial dimensions, while maintaining the fixed speed
of c through space-time. Again, we see it propagate faster through the
three spatial dimensions as it is rotated into the fourth "time"
dimension (via a boost) because the fourth dimension is moving relative
to the three spatial dimensions.

Simply put, it is not possible to rotate an object into the fourth
"time" dimension without that object's velocity through the three
stationary dimensions changing. Thus the time dimension itself must be
expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions. Another way of
looking at this is asking, "Why must something always gain a greater
velocity through space when it is rotated into the fourth "time"
dimension?" If someone can conduct a Lorentz transformation on a
ruler, and rotate it into the fourth dimension without its velocity
augmenting through the three spatial dimensions, I would very much like
to hear about it.

Brian Greene's Treatment-The Time Dimension is Moving Relative to
the Spatial Dimension



As Brian Greene points out in the Appendix to Chapter 2 of The Elegant
Universe, we note that from the space-time position 4-vector
x=(ct,x1,x2,x3), we can create the velocity 4-vector u=dx/d(tau), where
tau is the proper time defined by
d(tau)^2=dt^2-c^-2(dx1^2+dx2^2+dx3^2). Then the "speed through
space-time" is the magnitude of the 4-vector u,
((c^2dt^2-dx^2)/(dt^2-c^-2dx^2))^(1/2), which is identically the speed
of light c. Now, we can rearrange the equation
c^2(dt/d(tau))^2-(dx/d(tau))^2=c^2 to be
c^2(d(tau)/dt))^2+(dx/d(tau))^2=c^2. This shows that an increase of an
object's speed through space, (dx/d(tau))^2)^(1/2)= dx/d(tau) must be
accompanied by a decrease in d(tau)/dt which is the object's speed
through time, which also may be considered the rate at which time
elapses on its own clock d(tau) or the proper time, as compared with
that on our stationary clock dt."



Here again we see that even a stationary object has the velocity of c
through space-time. How can a stationary object have such a high
velocity? This is because the fourth dimension is expanding relative to
the three spatial dimensions at all points. So a stationary object will
see photons being carried away upon the crests of the expanding
dimension, at the rate of c, and this will be interpreted that that
object is aging, or moving through time at the rate of c, although in
reality the object itself never goes much deeper than the Planck length
into the expanding fourth dimension. Again, time is not the fourth
dimension, but it is an emergent property of an expanding fourth
dimension.


http://physicsmathforums.com/showthread.php?t=60

EL wrote:
[EL]
Dimensions do not move.
EL

Dynamic dimensions EL.
Catch up to time and what happens?

Time slows and space shrinks.
Sound familiar?

Yea. It's relativity.

Objects move along dimensions, but you cannot tell whether it is the
dimension that is moving or the object - relatively, it is equivalent.

Dimensions need not be infinite (in maths we can think of finite sets or
closed spaces), therefore they can be contained (embedded) in still higher
dimensions. If dimensions are embedded in a higher dimensional space, the
lower dimensions of the object can certainly be moved, scaled and rotated
(as we can do with n-dimensional vector fields and n-dimensional tensors).

btw other operations can also be performed on the lower dimensional object
e.g.
1/ We can easily undo a knot in 4D space that cannot be undone in 3D space
2/ we could pick up a right-handed 3D person and by reversing them in the
4th dimension, return them to the 3D space as a left-handed person

and other such higher dimensional tricks...

Dynamic dimension.

Catch up to the time dimension and time
slows down; the same with space

Sound familiar?
Moving dimensions gives all the results of relativity

"Nick" wrote in message
ups.com...

Sound familiar?

Mainly because you trot out this line every few hours or so.

Dynamic dimensions.
This explains relativity.

If the time dimension moves you could catch
up to it by speeding up. Catching up to time
would slow it down.

Sound familiar?