CHARGE AND THE PHOTON IN AN EXPANDING UNIVERSE

Copyright 1984-2003 Allen C. Goodrich

As the universe expands the sum of kinetic and
potential energies remains a constant. The expansion
of the universe results in a decrease of potential
energy and an equal increase of kinetic energy.
A mass (m) or charge (e) in an equilibrium orbit,
increases in kinetic energy at the same rate that
it decreases in potential energy relative to the
rest of the universe as the universe expands.
A change of m(2 pi L)^2/t^2 = a change of -G(M-m)m/L
plus a change of -e^2/4 pi E_o L.
This is not apparent relative
to other masses that are in the same time frame
(such as the sun or other planets). It is only
apparent relative to distant galaxies in the form
of a red shift. The equilibrium orbital radius is the
only orbit where the total energy remains constant
as the universe expands. Any change of orbit requires
the addition or removal of energy, and the formation
of a photon. The planetary and moon orbits are
fixed by the fact that it is very difficult ot provide
enough energy to cause a change of orbit.
The atomic electron orbit can be more easily
changed by a change of total energy of the electron,
and the formation of a photon (a change of
potential energy of the electron relative to the rest
of the universe and a change of the potential energy
of the rest of the universe relative to the electron).

Planets, moons, and electrons are normally in equilibrium
orbits where the total energy is constant.
m(2 pi L)^2/t^2 + G(M-m)m/L +e^2/4 pi E_o L = a constant.
Kinetic plus potential energy equals a constant.
L is orbital distance ; m is mass in question; M is total
energy of the effective universe; t is time ; G is
gravitational constant; E_o is permitivity or equilibrium
constant ; e is the charge of the electron or proton.
Rotational energy is included in the values of m and M.
In an equilibrium orbit any change of kinetic energy equals
a negative change of potential energy.
Delta (a change of ) m(2 pi L)^2/t^2 = Delta - G(M-m)m/L+
Delta - e^2/4 pi E_o L. The change of potential energy of the
charge is usually so much larger than the change of the
potential energy of neutral mass that the latter can be
neglected when charges are involved.
For the non equilibrium motion (when a photon is
formed and a change of total energy is involved ),
the change of kinetic energy does not equal the
change of potential energy. and a non stable
(nonequilibrium) motion results with the gain or loss of energy.
The system tries to return to equilibrium orbital motion
by the gain or loss of energy such as a photon h/t.

When a planet is said to orbit the sun, it really orbits
the focus of an ellipse which is common to the focus of the
elliptical orbit of the rest of the mass of the solar system.
These two elliptical orbits form an equilibrium system of
constant total energy in the expanding universe. As long as
no energy is added to the system, this elliptical orbital motion
will continue unchanged. No gravitational forces are required.

See:
THE UNIVERSE-A GRAND UNIFIED THEORY OF MASS ENERGY
SPACE TIME FRAME MECHANICS- APPEARING IN NEWSLETTER
"SPECTRUM" OF THE BUFFALO ASTRONOMICAL ASSOCIATION
INC. Nov.1996 to Feb.1997

SEE:
http://ourworld.cs.com/gravitymechan.../business.html
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF THE UNIVERSE
http://ourworld.cs.com/gravitymechan...e/profile.html
TIDES AND GRAVITY MECHANICS
http://ourworld.cs.com/gravitymechan...ge/resume.html

A New Grand Unified Theory of the photon and gravitation
is presented, which predicted, stimulated the above research,
and is consistent with the new findings.