Latest of the 6 states of matter
Everyone know atleast 3 state
1.solid
2.liquid
3.gas

the fourth is
4.Plasma
plasma
plasma, in physics, fully ionized gas of low density,
containing approximately equal numbers of positive and
negative ions (see electron and ion). It is electrically
conductive and is affected by magnetic fields.
The study of plasma, called plasma physics,
is especially important in research efforts to
produce a controlled thermonuclear reaction
(see nuclear energy). Such a reaction requires
extremely high temperatures; it has been computed
that a temperature of about 10 million degrees Celsius
would be needed to initiate the reaction between
deuterium and tritium. By passing a very high
electric current through plasma great heat is
produced and, simultaneously, an electromagnetic
field is created, causing the plasma to withdraw
from the walls of its container. The contraction
of the plasma, called the pinch effect, prevents
the container from being destroyed, but the effect
may become unstable too quickly for the fusion reaction
The properties of plasma are distinct from those of
the ordinary states of matter, and for this reason many
scientists consider plasma a fourth state of matter.
Interstellar gases, as well as the matter inside stars
are thought to be in the form of plasma,
thus making plasma a common form of matter in the universe.


the fifth is
5.Bose-Einstein condensate
Data from BEC Homepage [ http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/bec/ ]
Bose-Einstein Condensation in a gas: a new form of matter at the
coldest temperatures in the universe...
Predicted 1924... ...Created 1995
------------------------------------------------------
Bose-Einstein condensation is a phenomenon that occurs at low
temperatures in systems consisting of large numbers of bosons whose
total number is conserved in collisions. Used in the explanation of
superfluidity, this phenomenon enables a significant fraction of the
particles to occupy a single quantum state. No analogous phenomenon
occurs for two or more fermions, which are prohibited by the Pauli
exclusion principle from occupying the same quantum state.
This property of making a group of bosons into the same quantum state
so they act like a single entity was done in 1995 by physicists at the
Joint Institute of Laboratory Astrophysics, in Boulder, Colorado. They
succeed in cooling about 2000 atoms of rubidium gas to 170 nanokelvin
(170 billionths of a degree above absolute Kelvin), where they formed
a Bose-Einstein condensate less than 100 micrometers across. The
condensate lasted for about 15 seconds, and was cooled all the way
down to 20 nanokelvin. If the technique can be extended to large
aggregates, it will make single ‘quantum particles' visible.
------------------------------------------------------
more detail at
This web have a lots of detail with pics [
http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/bose.html ]
Tis web title is Physicists Create New State Of Matter At Record Low
Temperature [ http://jilawww.colorado.edu/www/press/bose-ein.html ]

The sixth is
6.Fermionic condensates
The fermionic condensate is a superfluid phase formed by fermionic
atoms at low temperatures. It is closely related to the Bose-Einstein
condensate, a superfluid phase formed by bosonic atoms under similar
conditions. Unlike the Bose-Einstein condensates, fermionic
condensates are formed using fermions instead of bosons. The fermions
form a condensate in a manner analogous to the electrons in a
superconductor. The first fermionic condensate was created by Deborah
S. Jin in 2003.
*Superfluidity*
Fermionic condensates are a type of superfluid. As the name suggests,
a superfluid possesses fluid properties similar to those possessed by
ordinary liquids and gases, such as the lack of a definite shape and
the ability to flow in response to applied forces. However,
superfluids possess some properties that do not appear in ordinary
matter. For instance, they can flow at low velocities without
dissipating any energy at all. At higher velocities, energy is
dissipated by the formation of quantum vortices that act as "holes" in
the medium where superfluidity breaks down.
Superfluidity was originally discovered in liquid helium-4, in 1938,
by Pyotr Kapitsa, John Allen and Don Misener. Superfluidity in
helium-4, which appears below 2.17K, has long been understood to
result from Bose condensation, the same mechanism that produces the
Bose-Einstein condensates. The primary difference between superfluid
helium and the condensates is that the former is a liquid while the
latter is a gas.
*Fermionic superfluids*
It is far more difficult to produce a fermionic superfluid than a
bosonic one, because the Pauli exclusion principle prohibits fermions
from occupying the same quantum state. However, there is a well-known
mechanism by which a superfluid may be formed from fermions. This is
the BCS transition, invented in 1957 by John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and
Robert Schrieffer for describing superconductivity. These authors
showed that, below a certain temperature, electrons (which are
fermions) can pair up to form what are now known as Cooper pairs.
These Cooper pairs essentially act like bosons, and they allow the
electron fluid to flow without dissipation. In other words, the
electrons become a superfluid.
The BCS theory was phenomenally successful in describing
superconductors. It was soon proposed that the BCS transition could
occur in fluids made up of fermions other than electrons; in
particular, helium-3 atoms. In 1971, experiments performed by Douglas
D. Osheroff showed that helium-3 becomes a superfluid at extremely low
temperatures. It was soon verified that the superfluidity of helium-3
indeed arises from the BCS mechanism. (Actually, the theory of
superfluid helium-3 is a little more complicated than the BCS theory
of superconductivity. These complications arise because helium atoms
repel each other more strongly than electrons, but the basic idea is
the same.)
*Creation of the first fermionic condensates*
When Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman produced a Bose-Einstein condensate
from rubidium atoms in 1995, there naturally arose the prospect of
creating a similar sort of condensate made from fermionic atoms, which
would form a superfluid by the BCS mechanism. However, early
calculations indicated that the temperature required for producing
Cooper pairing in atoms would be too cold to achieve. In 2001, Murray
Holland at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA)
suggested a way of bypassing this difficulty. He speculated that
fermionic atoms could be coaxed into pairing up by subjecting them to
a strong magnetic field.
In 2003, working on Holland\'s suggestion, Deborah Jin at JILA and
Rudolf Grimm at University of Innsbruck managed to coax fermionic
atoms into forming molecular bosons, which then underwent
Bose-Einstein condensation. However, this was not a true fermionic
condensate. Later that year, Jin managed to produce a condensate out
of fermionic atoms for the first time. The experiment involved 500,000
Potassium-40 atoms cooled to a temperature of 5 ? 10-8K, subjected to
a time-varying magnetic field. The findings were published in the
online edition of Physical Review Letters on January 24 2004.
ที่มา
http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Fermionic_condensate
more detail at
PhysicsWeb - Physics World [
http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/17/3/3 ]
Science Fair Projects [
http://www.all-science-fair-projects...nic_condensate
]