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Office of Public Relations
University of Missouri-Rolla

Contact: Lance Feyh
Phone: 573-341-4269
Email: lfeyh @ umr.edu

December 1, 2005

SCIENTIST SAYS NEUTRON STARS, NOT BLACK HOLES, AT CENTER OF GALAXIES

ROLLA, Mo. -- For the past 50 years, black holes have been all
the rage. Now, a University of Missouri-Rolla researcher says they never
existed.

Scientists have long believed that hydrogen fusion generates
heat and light in the sun and other ordinary stars for billions of years
before the star collapses into a neutron star or black hole when its
fuel is exhausted. "Most scientists think neutron stars are dead matter,
rather than energized, and that eventually they can collapse and form
black holes at the center of galaxies," says Dr. Oliver Manuel, a
professor of nuclear chemistry at UMR. "In this scenario, the end game
is the end of light as we know it."

Manuel thinks neutron stars are at the beginning of an
astronomical renaissance, so to speak.

In a new paper, http://arxiv.org/pdf/nucl-th/0511051 , Manuel
and his co-authors claim massive neutron stars are the energy source at
the center of galaxies. "The neutron stars break up and form smaller
stars, which drift apart to form planetary systems," Manuel says.

Manuel is the lead author of the new paper, "On the Cosmic
Nuclear Cycle and the Similarity of Nuclei and Stars." In the abstract,
the authors state, "This cycle involves neither the production of matter
in an initial Big Bang, nor the disappearance of matter into black
holes."

Since the 1960s, scientists have more or less assumed that
black holes populate the center of galaxies. Manuel says that assumption
just doesn't make sense to him.

"You should find a hole there, not a huge outpouring of energy
and light," Manuel insists. "If black holes exist at the center of
galaxies, stars should be falling in -- instead of explosively moving
away from the center."

According to Manuel, all of the "fragmentation" created by
neutron stars and the fission of heavy elements at the centers of
galaxies can be explained by "neutron repulsion."

"Neutrons and protons in the nucleus work like the north and
south ends of magnets," Manuel explains. "Neutrons repel neutrons,
protons repel protons, but neutrons attract protons. Neutron repulsion
is the force that energizes neutron stars. This empirical fact was
discovered by five graduate students working with me to decipher the
nuclear mass data for the 2,850 known nuclides in the spring of 2000."

Manuel and the group of UMR graduate students published their
findings in 2000 in the Journal of Fusion Energy.

Last summer, Manuel and other UMR researchers reported that a
small neutron star is at the core of our sun and other ordinary stars.
Those conclusions are forthcoming in the Proceedings of the First Crisis
in Cosmology Conference by the American Institute of Physics.

"The heat, light and hydrogen pouring from these stars are
produced by neutron repulsion in their cores," Manuel says.

Furthermore, according to the UMR scientist, our sun once
belonged to a larger neutron star that exploded to form the current
solar system. He imagines massive neutron stars to be like giant nesting
dolls that give birth to smaller stars.

"The super massive neutron stars break up and form galaxies of
smaller stars, just as the nuclei of the heavy elements break apart,"
Manuel says.

In their paper "On the Cosmic Nuclear Cycle and the Similarity
of Nuclei and Stars," Manuel and co-authors Michael Mozina of Emerging
Technologies and Hilton Ratcliffe of the Astronomical Society of South
Africa argue that neutron repulsion also explains the luminosity of the
sun and other ordinary stars.

"Additionally, neutron repulsion explains extremely high
energy events like quasars, which are associated with high-density
regions of space," Manuel says. "These were previously attributed to
black holes."



* * * * * * *


THE MECHANISM OF STAR FORMATION IN GALAXY.
(adapted from "Natural Science Founded on A New Atomic Model" by Hansik
Yoon)

- The mechanism of star formation from the neutron mass block in
galaxy.
- The giant neuron block at the center of a galaxy as the gravity
center for its all family stars.
- The real source of solar energy.

All kinds of materials in the nature consist of merely two fundamental
particles, proton and electron. If a proton carries an electron at the
closest distance it makes a neutron, while combining it at some
distance it gives a hydrogen atom.

Hydrogen atom or helium atom cannot gather automatically by themselves
to build a giant gas block in the cosmic space (according to "Natural
Science Founded on A New atomic Model" by Hansik Yoon, on page 296 -
http://www.yoonsatom.net ), in which nuclear fusion takes place to
construct element atoms of higher atomic numbers, and new stars are
built from them, or the Stephen Hawking's black hole from singularity
substance produced by collapse of their atomic structure.

The electric repulsion between electrons is 4.17×10^42 times as great
as the gravitational attraction between them from Newtonian and
Coulomb's law. This kind of the lightest elements has a strong effusive
character resulted from the repulsion between their orbital electrons.

So balloons filled with this kind of gases expand endlessly and burst
at the stratosphere of the earth, They are being diluted limitlessly in
the vacant vacuum space.

The gathering process of these light gases results in decreasing their
entropy, so the idea they can gather automatically by themselves
conflicts critically with the Thermodynamic 3rd law.

Hans Bethe predicted that cosmic gases such as hydrogen and helium must
be the fuel of nuclear fusion of the sun or other stars, and he
explained how stars produce energy by nuclear fusion in his work on
nuclear reactions in the 1930s.

However, it appears that he didn't care how these kinds of lightest
gases can continuously be fed to the core phase of the sun or stars
where nuclear fusion takes place. These gases have to avert the
penetration problem through a highly denser celestial material, say,
solar material with an average density of 100g/cc.

According to G. Gamow's, after the Big Bang explosion the basic
elements of hydrogen and helium were built within 10^3 seconds from the
singularity, and then creation of other elements from them, and
formation of few hundred billions of galactic universes were followed
after 10^5 years of the explosion.

Although his story of creating hydrogen and hundred billions of
galactic universes from singularity is imaginary and fictitious, the
story of expanding galactic universes says one of basic orders of mass
world in the nature.

Although the moving order of all the celestial stars are governed by
gravitational attraction and counter balancing centrifugal repulsion
between them given by their orbiting motion, the numerous galactic
universes do not perform such an orbiting circular motion but a
straight linear motion directing in radial symmetric direction with an
accelerated speed, equivalent at least to the gravitational
acceleration (expansion of universe).

It is the only way to avoid the collapse of all galactic universe due
to their gravitational attraction that slows down their expanding
speeds.

If there was certainly the so-called Big Bang explosion in the
beginning of this universe, the giant mass block of pre-explosion was
NOT built from singularity as believed today, but surely with pure
neutrons.

Allegedly the singularity is an imaginary substance invented by Stephen
Hawking who predicted the existence of Black Hole built with this
singularity.

It seems that he was quite ignorant for the atomic structure. For
instance, hydrogen atom has 10^ -10 meters in diameter, while its
proton nucleus 10^ -15 meters in diameter, so their volume ratio is
1/10^15. It says that atomic structure is built with 99.999999.....% of
vacant space.

If this vacant space is excluded from hydrogen atom, the density of
pure mass well exceeds to be the utmost value of 7×10^7 metric
tons/cc, approximately 7×10^11 times as large as that of solar
materials.

Neutrons are hydrogen atoms from which their vacant space is excluded,
according to Dr. Yoon's physics.

Why is Stephen Hawking's singularity needed to build his black hole?

In addition, atomic structure is difficult to be collapsed due to a
massive gravitation since it has an enormously elastic resiliency like
a steel ball against external compression.

Dr. Hansik Yoon assumed that neutron was at first built from the
original elementary mass particles, proton and electron, by taking up
energy from a some hot energy source of cosmic furnace.

The evidence is that it emits energy it absorbed in reverse when it
decomposes to produce a proton and an electron. So neutron is possible
to pile up to make a giant block due to their gravitational attraction,
without violating the natural law of thermodynamics since they are
electrically perfect neutral, according to "Natural Science Founded on
A New atomic Model" by Hansik Yoon. (www.yoonsatom.net and
http://yoonsphysics.blogspot.com/ )

Galaxy Model for the Atom
http://users.accesscomm.ca/john/
The center of the galaxy/atom is the
nucleus.
The stars become spent and neutron stars result.
These are heavy/non-repelled electrically by the
massive nucleus. They fall into the center.
The SPIN at the center re-establishes
neutrons into highly-charged plasma,
(by separating the charges. Neutrons are both positive
and negative; spinning both the same way very rapidly
creates opposite magnetic fields)
which is repelled out the poles and re-forms into
stars, which radiate until they become neutron stars
and are no longer repelled, fall in, spin up,
(get spit back out)
and
on and on and on.
John

The only question is
'Whence the spin?'
The answer:
The Universe is spinning.