From Osher Doctorow

Oops! I made an error in saying that estimation and hypothesis
testing are local and Individual. The latter is only true when they
are estimating or testing Individual scores, although they are always
local in reference to either the center of the confidence interval or
the boundary of the rejection region or even the null hypothesis or
alternative hypothesis.

Statistical Outliers are a recent very important topic in mathematical
probability-statistics as well as applied branches of various fields,
and they are both Individual and Local; in fact, "think Exception"
should be the password of science and mathematics. While capitalism
and socialism have produced ridiculously high levels of inbreeding in
political leaders and wealthy families, capitalism is currently very
Exception-oriented, while socialism of the Russian and Chinese types
suffers from way too much Aggregation. To some extent, there is a
tradeoff between inbred stupidity of leaders and Exception-orientation
in capitalism too, and one never knows which trend will win or survive.
Big numbers tend to hypnotize both socialists and capitalists, who
both tend to support larger populations compared to smaller populations
and thereby counteract their Exception-orientation tendencies if any.
If you have noticed it by now, PI has a "law of Little Numbers" since
the Rare Event/Process is the more influential one, like Creative
Genius itself.

Osher Doctorow